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Demographics of Belarus

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Demographics of Belarus
Population pyramid of Belarus in 2023
Population9,155,978 (2024)[1]
Fertility rateDecrease1.38 (2022)
Age structure
0–14 years16.9% (male 821,285/female 772,360)
15–64 years67.7% (male 3,053,618/female 3,314,835)
65 and over15.4% (male 479,740/female 971,608) (2019 census)
Sex ratio
Total0.87 male(s)/female (2014)
At birth1.06 male(s)/female
Under 151.06 male(s)/female
15–64 years0.94 male(s)/female
65 and over0.46 male(s)/female
Nationality
Nationalitynoun: Belarusian(s) adjective: Belarusian
Major ethnicBelarusians
Language
SpokenBelarusian, Russian
Belarus: Population and rural population 1913–2008 (beginning of year). Source: official statistics from BelStat.
Historical population
YearPop.±% p.a.
1897 6,673,000—    
1914 6,899,100+0.20%
1926 4,983,240−2.67%
1939 5,568,994+0.86%
1951 7,781,100+2.83%
1959 8,055,700+0.43%
1970 8,992,200+1.00%
1979 9,532,500+0.65%
1989 10,151,800+0.63%
1999 10,045,200−0.11%
2009 9,503,800−0.55%
2019 9,413,446−0.10%
2021 9,349,645−0.34%
2024 9,155,978−0.70%
Source:[2][3]

The demographics of Belarus is about the demographic features of the population of Belarus, including population growth, population density, ethnicity, education level, health, economic status, religious affiliations, and other aspects of the population.

Population

[edit]

The population of Belarus suffered a dramatic decline during World War II, dropping from more than 9 million in 1940 to 7.7 million in 1951. It then resumed its long-term growth, rising to 10 million in 1999.[4] After that the population began a steady decline, dropping to 9.7 million in 2006–2007.[5] Originally a highly agrarian country with nearly 80% of its population in rural areas, Belarus has been undergoing a process of continuous urbanization. The rural population saw its share of the total population decrease from 70% in 1959 to less than 30% in the 2000s.[6]

Population

[edit]
9,155,978 (2024 est.)[7]
country comparison to the world: 98 [8]

Age structure

[edit]
0–14 years: 16.78% (male 791,170/female 414,450)
15–24 years: 9.59% (male 404,500/female 375,750)
25–54 years: 43.94% (male 2,058,648/female 2,105,910)
55–64 years: 14.45% (male 605,330/female 763,972)
65 years and over: 17.66% (male 327,300/female 355,163) (2022 est.)

Median age

[edit]
Total: 40.9 years
Male: 39.5 years
Female: 43.9 years (2022 est.)

Sex ratio

[edit]
At birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
0–14 years: 87.266 male(s)/female
15–24 years: 87.266 male(s)/female
25–54 years: 0.98 male(s)/female
55–64 years: 0.79 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.48 male(s)/female
Total population: 87.266 male(s)/female (2024 est.)
Population change in Belarus, 1970 – 2010[9]
1970–1989 1970–2010 1999–2010

Life expectancy at birth

[edit]
Life expectancy in Belarus since 1900
Life expectancy in Belarus since 1960 by gender
Average life expectancy at birth in Belarus (2018)
Total population: 72.15 years
country comparison to the world: 138
Male: 66.53 years
Female: 78.1 years (2014 est.)
Period Life expectancy in
Years
1950–1955 60.71
1955–1960 Increase 66.32
1960–1965 Increase 69.11
1965–1970 Increase 70.37
1970–1975 Increase 70.51
1975–1980 Decrease 70.41
1980–1985 Decrease 70.14
1985–1990 Increase 71.35
1990–1995 Decrease 69.44
1995–2000 Decrease 67.42
2000–2005 Increase 67.83
2005–2010 Increase 69.25
2010–2015 Increase 72.15

Total fertility rate (TFR) in Belarus by region and year

[edit]
Region[10] 2017 2016 2015 2010 2005
Belarus (total) 1.54 1.73 1.72 1.49 1.25
Minsk 1.06 1.21 1.24 1.25 1.08
Vitebsk Oblast 1.45 1.63 1.62 1.42 1.19
Mogilev Oblast 1.65 1.85 1.83 1.49 1.25
Gomel Oblast 1.72 1.93 1.89 1.55 1.28
Grodno Oblast 1.75 2.03 1.96 1.63 1.30
Brest Oblast 1.89 2.10 2.06 1.73 1.45
Minsk Oblast 1.94 2.16 2.18 1.72 1.37
  • Birth rate (by district, 2019)
    Birth rate (by district, 2019)
  • Mortality rate (by district, 2019)
    Mortality rate (by district, 2019)
  • Rate of natural increase (by district, 2019)
    Rate of natural increase (by district, 2019)

Infant mortality rate

[edit]
Total: 4.0 Positive decrease deaths/1,000 live births for 429 death. (2010)
Total: 3.9 Positive decrease deaths/1,000 live births for 422 death. (2011)
Total: 3.4 Positive decrease deaths/1,000 live births for 386 death. (2012)
Total: 3.5 Negative increase deaths/1,000 live births for 407 death. (2013)
Total: 3.5 Steady deaths/1,000 live births for 415 death. (2014)
Total: 3.5 Positive decrease deaths/1,000 live births for 321 death. (January–September 2014)
Total: 3.2 Increase deaths/1,000 live births for 283 death. (January–September 2015)

Vital statistics

[edit]

For the historical figures on Belarusian provinces of the Russian Empire (Grodno, Vitebsk, Minsk, Mogilev, Vilna) with a Belarusian majority before 1917, see:[11]

Year Average population (from 1990 onwards beginning of year) Live births Deaths Natural change Crude birth rate (per 1000) Crude death rate (per 1000) Natural change (per 1000) Crude migration change (per 1000) Crude population change (per 1000) Total fertility rate Abortions reported
1950 7,745,000 197,200 62,000 135,200 25.5 8.0 17.5 -14.5 2.6
1951 7,765,000 198,200 61,200 137,000 25.5 7.9 17.6 -23.3 -5.7
1952 7,721,000 191,100 64,200 126,900 24.8 8.3 16.4 -20.4 -4.0
1953 7,690,000 176,200 61,900 114,300 22.9 8.0 14.9 -10.7 4.2
1954 7,722,000 193,100 61,600 131,500 25.0 8.0 17.0 -6.4 10.6
1955 7,804,000 194,400 58,000 136,400 24.9 7.4 17.5 -7.8 9.7
1956 7,880,000 199,500 56,000 143,500 25.3 7.1 18.2 -11.1 7.1
1957 7,936,000 200,800 58,000 142,800 25.3 7.3 18.0 -8.8 9.2
1958 8,009,000 207,700 53,700 154,000 25.9 6.7 19.2 -6.3 12.9
1959 8,112,000 204,600 62,600 142,000 25.2 7.7 17.5 -7.9 9.6 2.72
1960 8,190,000 200,218 54,037 146,181 24.4 6.6 17.8 -6.3 11.5 2.69 170,787
1961 8,284,000 194,239 53,682 140,557 23.4 6.5 17.0 -4.8 12.2 2.66 178,290
1962 8,385,000 185,302 60,676 124,626 22.1 7.2 14.9 -6.3 8.7 2.57 185,554
1963 8,458,000 173,889 58,291 115,598 20.6 6.9 13.7 -6.5 7.2 2.46 191,137
1964 8,519,000 161,794 53,967 107,827 19.0 6.3 12.7 -2.4 10.3 2.36 200,534
1965 8,607,000 153,865 58,156 95,709 17.9 6.8 11.1 0.8 11.9 2.27 205,999
1966 8,709,000 153,414 58,265 95,149 17.6 6.7 10.9 -0.5 10.4 2.28 203,430
1967 8,800,000 147,501 61,263 86,238 16.8 7.0 9.8 -1.1 8.8 2.26 203,722
1968 8,877,000 146,095 62,354 83,741 16.5 7.0 9.4 -0.4 9.0 2.23 198,955
1969 8,957,000 142,652 65,912 76,740 15.9 7.4 8.6 0.4 9.0 2.18 191,637
1970 9,038,000 146,676 68,974 77,702 16.2 7.6 8.6 -0.4 8.2 2.30 187,935
1971 9,112,000 149,135 68,511 80,624 16.4 7.5 8.8 -1.6 7.2 2.34 190,169
1972 9,178,000 147,813 71,866 75,947 16.1 7.8 8.3 -1.0 7.3 2.36 185,101
1973 9,245,000 144,729 73,927 70,802 15.7 8.0 7.7 -0.5 7.2 2.29 193,503
1974 9,312,000 146,876 73,181 73,695 15.8 7.9 7.9 -2.0 5.9 2.24 194,247
1975 9,367,000 146,517 79,701 66,816 15.6 8.5 7.1 -1.5 5.5 2.20 194,710
1976 9,411,000 147,912 82,400 65,512 15.7 8.8 7.0 -1.5 5.5 2.16 199,121
1977 9,463,000 148,963 84,565 64,398 15.7 8.9 6.8 -0.2 6.6 2.11 202,146
1978 9,525,000 151,053 86,612 64,441 15.9 9.1 6.8 0.0 6.8 2.08 201,619
1979 9,590,000 151,800 90,837 60,963 15.8 9.5 6.4 0.7 7.1 2.05 203,446
1980 9,658,000 154,432 95,514 58,918 16.0 9.9 6.1 1.6 7.7 2.04 201,852
1981 9,732,000 157,899 93,136 64,763 16.2 9.6 6.7 0.7 7.4 2.08 202,340
1982 9,804,000 159,364 93,840 65,524 16.3 9.6 6.7 0.2 6.9 2.02 198,011
1983 9,872,000 173,510 97,849 75,661 17.6 9.9 7.7 -1.0 6.7 2.09 207,461
1984 9,938,000 168,749 104,274 64,475 17.0 10.5 6.5 -0.4 6.1 2.14 210,844
1985 9,999,000 165,034 105,690 59,344 16.6 10.6 5.9 0.0 5.9 2.09 200,888
1986 10,058,000 171,611 97,276 74,335 17.1 9.7 7.4 -2.1 5.3 2.10 171,114
1987 10,111,000 162,937 99,921 63,016 16.2 9.9 6.2 -2.9 3.3 2.04 163,761
1988 10,144,000 163,193 102,671 60,522 16.1 10.1 6.0 -3.3 2.7 2.03 140,921
1989 10,171,000 153,449 103,479 49,970 15.1 10.2 4.9 -3.1 1.8 2.03 256,041
1990 [12] 10,188,942 142,167 109,582 32,585 14.0 10.8 3.2 -3.1 0.1 1.91 260,839
1991 10,189,753 132,045 114,650 17,395 13.0 11.2 1.7 -0.9 0.8 1.81 241,138
1992 10,198,346 127,971 116,674 11,297 12.5 11.4 1.1 2.5 3.6 1.76 240,387
1993 10,234,593 117,384 128,544 -11,160 11.5 12.6 -1.1 2.0 0.9 1.62 217,957
1994 10,243,506 110,599 130,003 -19,404 10.8 12.7 -1.9 -1.3 -3.2 1.53 212,533
1995 10,210,403 101,144 133,775 -32,631 9.9 13.1 -3.2 0 -3.2 1.41 193,280
1996 10,177,258 95,798 133,422 -37,624 9.4 13.1 -3.7 0.2 -3.5 1.34 174,098
1997 10,141,880 89,586 136,653 -47,067 8.9 13.5 -4.7 -0.1 -4.8 1.25 152,660
1998 10,092,986 92,645 137,296 -44,651 9.2 13.6 -4.4 0.2 -4.2 1.30 145,339
1999 10,050,940 92,975 142,027 -49,052 9.3 14.2 -4.9 0.1 -4.8 1.31 135,829
2000 10,002,535 93,691 134,867 -41,176 9.4 13.5 -4.1 -0.5 -4.6 1.32 121,895
2001 9,956,684 91,720 140,299 -48,579 9.2 14.1 -4.9 -0.8 -5.7 1.29 101,402
2002 9,900,414 88,743 146,655 -57,912 9.0 14.9 -5.9 -1.1 -7.0 1.24 89,895
2003 9,830,681 88,512 143,200 -54,688 9.0 14.6 -5.6 -1.3 -6.9 1.23 80,174
2004 9,762,817 88,943 140,064 -51,121 9.1 14.4 -5.3 -1.6 -6.9 1.23 71,700
2005 9,697,475 90,508 141,857 -51,349 9.4 14.7 -5.3 -1.5 -6.9 1.25 64,655
2006 9,630,354 96,721 138,426 -41,705 10.1 14.4 -4.3 -1.0 -5.3 1.34 58,516
2007 9,579,493 103,626 132,993 -29,367 10.8 13.9 -3.1 -0.8 -3.9 1.43 46,287
2008 9,542,412 107,876 133,879 -26,003 11.3 14.1 -2.7 -0.3 -3.0 1.49 42,197
2009 9,513,557 109,263 135,097 -25,834 11.5 14.2 -2.7 0.8 -1.9 1.51 35,967
2010 9,495,608 108,050 137,132 -29,082 11.4 14.5 -3.1 0.6 -2.5 1.49 33,262
2011 9,472,064 109,147 135,090 -25,943 11.5 14.3 -2.7 0.5 -2.2 1.52 32,031
2012 9,451,221 115,893 126,531 -10,638 12.3 13.4 -1.1 0.2 -0.9 1.62 28,628
2013 9,442,450 117,997 125,326 -7,329 12.5 13.3 -0.8 1.0 0.2 1.67 31,206
2014 9,443,972 118,534 121,542 -3,008 12.5 12.9 -0.3 1.3 1.0 1.70 29,797
2015 9,453,058 119,028 120,026 -998 12.6 12.7 -0.1 1.8 1.7 1.72 29,217
2016 9,469,400 117,779 119,379 -1,600 12.4 12.6 -0.2 0.2 0.0 1.73 27,467
2017 9,469,093 102,556 119,311 -16,755 10.8 12.6 -1.8 -0.4 -2.2 1.54
2018 9,448,312 94,042 120,053 -26,011 10.0 12.7 -2.8 0.8 -2.0 1.45
2019 9,429,257 87,602 120,470 -32,868 9.3 12.8 -3.5 1.5 -2.0 1.38
2020 9,410,259 83,015 144,536 -61,651 8.9 15.4 -6.5 0.1 -6.4 1.33
2021 9,349,645 79,732 173,853 -94,121 8.6 18.7 -10.1 0.0 -10.1 1.29
2022 9,255,524 73,906 128,813 -54,907 8.0 14.0 -5.9 0.0 -5.9
2023 9,200,617 66,400 7.5
2024 9,155,978

Current vital statistics

[edit]

[13]

Period Live births Deaths Natural increase
January - March 2019 21,519 32,229 -10,710
January - March 2020 20,180 31,039 -10,859
Difference Decrease -1,339 (-6.22%) Positive decrease -1,190 (-3.69%) Decrease -149

BelStat does not provide official birth data recently. However, according to BelStat the number of inhabitants age 0-4 has declined from 550,147 in January 1st, 2019 to 388,693 in January 1st, 2024, a 29.3% decline in five years.[14]

Structure of the population

[edit]
Population by Sex and Age Group (Census 04.X.2019): [15]
Age Group Male Female Total %
Total 4 351 473 5 061 973 9 413 446 100
0–4 270 610 255 488 526 098 5.59
5–9 288 068 273 160 561 228 5.96
10–14 259 437 246 882 506 319 5.38
15–19 234 423 221 344 455 767 4.84
20–24 228 635 219 413 448 048 4.76
25–29 305 775 310 546 616 321 6.55
30–34 388 316 392 937 781 253 8.30
35–39 367 695 381 356 749 051 7.96
40–44 325 233 345 140 670 373 7.12
45–49 302 148 337 685 639 833 6.80
50–54 289 385 333 961 623 346 6.62
55–59 319 173 385 127 704 300 7.48
60–64 292 835 387 326 680 161 7.23
65-69 202 723 310 845 513 568 5.46
70-74 123 837 219 468 343 305 3.65
75-79 67 798 160 061 227 859 2.42
80-84 55 715 164 022 219 737 2.33
85-89 21 467 80 001 101 468 1.08
90-94 7 173 31 583 38 756 0.41
95-99 966 5 300 6 266 0.07
100+ 61 328 389 <0.01
Age group Male Female Total Percent
0–14 818 115 775 530 1 593 645 16.93
15–64 3 053 618 3 314 835 6 368 453 67.65
65+ 479 740 971 608 1 451 348 15.42

Ethnic groups

[edit]
Belarusians 84.9%, Russians 7.5%, Poles 3.1%, Ukrainians 1.7%, Jews 0.1%, Armenians 0.1%, Lipka Tatars 0.1%, Ruska Roma 0.1%, Lithuanians 0.1%, Azerbaijanis 0.1%, others 2.2% (2019 census).

Prior to the Second World War

[edit]

Prior to World War II, Jews were the second largest ethnic group in Belarus, and at 400,000 in the 1926 and 1939 censuses they even exceeded the number of Russians (although admittedly by a small margin).[16] Jews accounted for 7%–8% of the total population at that time, comprising more than 40% of the population in cities and towns, where Jews and Poles were the majority, while Belarusians mostly lived in rural areas.

The Poles were the fourth largest ethnic group in Byelorussian SSR (current Eastern portion of Belarus), before World War II, comprising 1–2% of the population in the pre-war censuses (less than 100,000).[16]

Population of the Byelorussian SSR according to ethnic group 1926–1939
Ethnic
group 		census 19261 census 19392
Number % Number %
Belarusians 4,017,301 80.6 4,615,496 82.9
Jews 407,059 8.2 375,092 6.7
Russians 383,806 7.7 364,705 6.6
Poles 97,498 2.0 58,380 1.1
Ukrainians 34,681 0.7 104,247 1.9
Germans 7,075 0.1 8,448 0.2
Latvians 14,080 0.3 8,117 0.2
Tatars 3,777 0.1 7,664 0.1
Lithuanians 6,864 0.1 4,284 0.1
Roma 2,366 0.1 3,632 0.1
Mordvins 1,051 0.0 2,042 0.0
Others 7,682 0.2 16,887 0.3
Total 4,983,240 5,568,994
1 Source: [1]. 2 Source: [2] Archived 2012-12-21 at archive.today.

After the Second World War

[edit]

The Holocaust decimated the Jewish population in Belarus, and after World War II, in 1959, Jews accounted for only 1.9% of the population. Since then, Jewish emigration to Israel and other countries reduced the number of Jews to 0.1% of the population (13,000 in 2009).

Polish minority districts in 1960:
  Over 50% Polish
  40-50%
  30-40%
  10-30%
  Up to 10% Polish
  Border of Poland in 1939

After the war, a large number of Poles were forced to move to Poland. In exchange, Belarusians from the former Belastok Region, which was returned to Poland in 1945, after being occupied in 1939 were displaced to Belarus. Due to changes in the western border of Belarus and Poland after World War II (see territorial changes of Poland), the number of Poles in Belarus increased to more than 500,000 according to the first post-war census (1959) and to about 400,000 according to the 1999 census. Poles are now the third largest ethnic group in Belarus (see Polish minority in Belarus). There are around 15,000 of Lipka Tatars and about 10,000 of Ruska Roma (Russian Gypsies).

In the post-war period Belarus experienced an influx of workers from other parts of the Soviet Union, for example Russians and Ukrainians. The decade after independence saw a decline in the population of most of these minority groups, either by assimilation or emigration. The most significant exception to this trend has been a continued (if small-scale) net immigration of Armenians and Azerbaijanis, whose numbers increased from less than 2,000 in 1959 to around 10,000 in 1999.[4]

Ethnic composition of Belarus according to 2019 census
Belarusian Russians Poles Ukrainians
Ethnic composition of Belarus according to 2009 census
Belarusian Russians Poles Ukrainians
Population of Belarus according to ethnic group 1959–2019
Ethnic
group 		census 19591 census 19702 census 19793 census 19894 census 19995 census 20096 census 20197
Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number %
Belarusians 6,532,035 81.1 7,289,610 81.0 7,567,955 79.4 7,904,623 77.9 8,158,900 81.2 7,957,252 83.7 7,990,719 84.9
Russians 659,093 8.2 938,161 10.4 1,134,117 11.9 1,342,099 13.2 1,141,700 11.4 785,084 8.3 706,992 7.5
Poles 538,881 6.7 382,600 4.3 403,169 4.2 417,720 4.1 395,700 3.9 294,549 3.1 287,693 3.1
Ukrainians 133,061 1.7 190,839 2.1 230,985 2.4 291,008 2.9 237,000 2.4 158,723 1.7 159,656 1.7
Jews 150,084 1.9 148,011 1.6 135,450 1.4 111,975 1.1 27,800 0.3 12,926 0.1 13,705 0.1
Armenians 1,751 0.0 2,362 0.0 2,751 0.0 4,933 0.1 10,200 0.1 8,512 0.1 9,392 0.1
Tatars 8,650 0.1 9,992 0.1 10,851 0.1 12,436 0.1 10,100 0.1 7,316 0.1 8,445 0.1
Romani 4,662 0.1 6,843 0.1 8,408 0.1 10,762 0.1 9,900 0.1 7,079 0.1 6,848 0.1
Azerbaijanis 1,402 0.0 1,335 0.0 2,654 0.0 5,009 0.1 6,300 0.1 5,567 0.1 6,001 0.1
Lithuanians 8,363 0.1 8,092 0.1 6,993 0.1 7,606 0.1 6,400 0.1 5,087 0.1 5,287 0.1
Others 16,666 0.2 24,493 0.3 29,183 0.3 43,635 0.4 41,200 0.4 261,712 2.8 218,708 2.3
Total 8,054,648 9,002,338 9,532,516 10,151,806 10,045,200 9,503,807 9,413,446
1 Source: [3]. 2 Source: [4]. 3 Source: [5]. 4 Source: [6]. 5 Source: [7]. 6 Source: [8]. 7 Source: [9].

Languages

[edit]
Main article: Languages of Belarus

Belarusian and Russian are the official languages according to the Constitution of Belarus (Article 17). The constitution guarantees preservation of the cultural heritage of all ethnic minorities, including their languages (Article 15). Russian, and not Belarusian, is the dominant language in Belarus, spoken normally at home by 70% of the population (2009 census). Major cities such as Minsk and Brest are overwhelmingly Russian-speaking.

Languages of Belarus according to 2009 census (green – Belarusian, blue – Russian)
Native languages Spoken languages

Religion

[edit]
Main article: Religion in Belarus

According to 1997 estimates, 80% of the religious population belonged to the Eastern Orthodox Church and the others are mainly Roman Catholic, Greek Catholic, Protestants, Muslims, and Jews.[17]

Figures for 2020 state that 78% of the population have a Christian background (this includes 60% Orthodox and 10% Catholic). Of the rest, almost 22% are non-religious, with a very small number of Jews and Sunni Muslims.[18]

Urbanization

[edit]
Urban population: 75% of total population (2011)
Rate of urbanization: 0.21% annual rate of change (2010–2015 est.)

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Численность населения на 1 января 2024 г. и среднегодовая численность населения за 2023 год по Республике Беларусь в разрезе областей, районов, городов, поселков городского типа" (PDF). belstat.gov.by.
  2. ^ "Belarus: historical demographical data of the whole country". Populstat. Archived from the original on 14 April 2018. Retrieved 6 July 2017.
  3. ^ https://www.belstat.gov.by/upload/iblock/210/uaj9375ey0b16oxtxqm0bmkycb45i04g.pdf [bare URL PDF]
  4. ^ a b Ethnic composition of the population Archived February 7, 2009, at the Wayback Machine, 1999 Belarus Census.
  5. ^ Population estimates 1995–2007 Archived 2008-12-03 at the Wayback Machine, BelStat
  6. ^ Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Belarus 2007, BelStat, Minsk, 2007
  7. ^ "Population on January 1, 2018 by regions of the Republic of Belarus" (in Russian). Белстат. 2018.
  8. ^ "Belarus ranks 6th in population the CIS countries" (in Russian). БЕЛТА. 2018-07-06.
  9. ^ "Division of Belarus". pop-stat.mashke.org.
  10. ^ "Demographic Data". demdata.belstat.gov.by. 2016. Archived from the original on 2021-04-04. Retrieved 2018-06-23.
  11. ^ "Статистический ежегодник Российской Империи (Издание ЦСК ) - Проект "Исторические Материалы"". istmat.info. Archived from the original on 2014-12-16. Retrieved 2014-12-24.
  12. ^ database Belstat.gov, visited 17 December 2023
  13. ^ "Бюллетени". www.belstat.gov.by.
  14. ^ "10101100003 Population at the beginning of year". www.belstat.gov.by.
  15. ^ "UNSD — Demographic and Social Statistics". unstats.un.org. Retrieved 2023-05-10.
  16. ^ a b "Приложение Демоскопа Weekly". demoscope.ru.
  17. ^ "The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency". www.cia.gov. 28 October 2022.
  18. ^ The ARDA website, Retrieved 2023-08-01
[edit]
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